Enter the search term in the search field and click the Search button.
There is an overview of the search term in all chapters.
Step 2:
Select the relevant chapter from the search term overview and click on the green chapter name.
Then you are forwarded to the chapter.
Step 3:
Search in the selected chapter.
Perform the following procedure when using a Computer, Android mobile or tablet, iPhone or iPad.
Computer
On your computer, open a web page in Chrome.
At the top right, click “⋮” [= More] and then “Find”.
Type your search term in the bar that appears in the top right.
Press the “Search” button or “Enter” to search the page.
Matches appear highlighted in yellow. You can see where all the matches are located on a web page using the yellow markers on the scrollbar.
Tip: You can also use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + f (Windows, Linux, and Chrome OS) or “⌘” [= cmd / Option key] + f (Mac) to quickly find a word or phrase.
Android
On your Android phone or tablet, open the Chrome app and open a web page.
Tap “⋮” [= More] and then “Find in page”.
Type your search term.
Tap “🔍” [= Search].
Matches are highlighted. You can see where all the matches are located on a web page using the markers on the scrollbar.
iPhone & iPad
On your iPhone or iPad, open the Chrome app Chrome.
On the web page, tap “⋮” [= More] and then “Find in page”.
At the top left, enter what you want to search for. Matching words will be highlighted in yellow and orange.
When you find what you were searching for, tap Done.
Chapter 47: Extravascular fluids (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 47 Extravascular fluids Contents 47 Extravascular fluids 47.1 Ascites 47.1.1 Biochemistry and physiology 47.1.2 Cirrhotic ascites 47.1.3 Etiology of ascites 47.1.4 Definitions 47.1.5 Differentiation of ascites 47.1.6 Biomarkers of ascites 47.2 Pleural effusion 47.2.1 Transudate and …
Chapter 42: Bacterial infections (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 42 Bacterial infections Contents 42 Bacterial infections 42.1 Diagnosis of bacterial infections 42.1.1 Direct pathogen detection 42.1.1.1 Molecular biological methods 42.1.1.1.1 Important basic terms 42.1.1.1.2 Analysis using DNA probes 42.1.1.1.3 Target sequence amplification techniques 42.1.1.1.4& …
Chapter 41: Poisoning and drug of abuse (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 40 Poisoning and drug of abuse Contents 41 Poisoning and drug of abuse 41.1 Introduction 41.1.1 Qualitative analysis 41.1.2 Quantitative analysis 41.1.3 Methods of detecting the effects exerted by poisons 41.1.4 General laboratory analyses 41.2 Indication for investigations 41.2.1 Medical histor …
Chapter 38: Pregnancy (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 38 Pregnancy Contents 38 Pregnancy 38.1 Laboratory findings in normal pregnancy 38.1.1 Hormones 38.1.2 Blood volume and hematopoiesis 38.1.3 Kidney function 38.1.4 Liver function 38.1.5 Hemostasis 38.1.6 Glucose metabolism 38.1.6.1 Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed early in pregnancy …
Chapter 35: Disorders of the pituitary-somatotroph axis (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 35 Disorders of the pituitary-somatotroph axis Contents 35 Disorders of the pituitary-somatotroph axis 35.1 Pituitary-somatotroph axis 35.1.1 Short stature 35.1.1.1 Laboratory results in suspicion of craniopharyngioma 35.1.2 Growth hormone (GH) 35.1.3 Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) 35.1.4 IGF …
Chapter 34: Disorders of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 34 Disorders of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis Contents 34 Disorders of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis 34.1 Pituitary-adrenocortical axis 34.1.1 Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary 34.1.2 Adrenal cortex 34.1.3 Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis 34.1.4 Glucocorticoid receptors 34.1.5&# …
Chapter 31: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 31 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) Contents 31.1 Hypertension 31.2 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) 31.2.1 Function of renin 31.2.2 Function of aldosterone 31.2.3 Mineralocorticoid excess 31.2.4 Mineralocorticoid deficiency 31.2.5 Testing for disorders of the RAS 31.2.6 Bi …
Chapter 30: Disorders of thyroid function (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 30 Disorders of thyroid function Contents 30.1 Physiological function of the thyroid 30.1.1 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis 30.1.2 Thyroid disorders 30.1.2.1 Hypothyroidism 30.1.2.1.1 Laboratory findings 30.1.2.2 Hyperthyroidism 30.1.2.2.1 Laboratory findings 30.1.2.3 Thyroid nodules …
Chapter 29: Cancer associated syndromes (para neoplastic syndromes) (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 29 Cancer associated syndromes (para neoplastic syndromes) Contents 29.1 Para neoplastic disturbances of mineral and electrolyte metabolism 29.2 Para neoplastic disturbances of glucose metabolism 29.3 Para neoplastic disturbances of complete blood count 29.3.1 Anemia of malignancy 29.3.1.1 Warm autoimmune hemolytic …
Chapter 28: Cancer biomarkers (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 28 Cancer biomarkers Contents 28.1 Malignant disease 28.1.1 Epidemiology 28.1.2 Causes of cancer 28.1.3 Classification of malignant tumors 28.1.4 Metastatic spread 28.1.5 Tumor microenvironment 28.1.6 Molecular biomarkers 28.1.6.1 Analytes of liqiuid biopsy for characterization of the genomic n …
Chapter 25: Autoimmunity and antibody testing (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 25 Autoimmunity and antibody testing Contents 25.1 Autoimmunity 25.1.1 Mechanisms of autoimmunity 25.1.2 Clinical characteristics of autoimmunity 25.1.3 Antibody testing of autoimmune diseases 25.1.3.1 Indication 25.1.3.2 Method of determination 25.1.3.3 Specimen 25.1.3.4 Reference interval …
Chapter 20: Cytokines and cytokine receptors (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 20 Cytokines and cytokine receptors Contents 20 Cytokines and cytokine receptors 20.1 Definition, classification, structure and function of cytokines 20.1.1 Cytokines 20.1.2 Cytokine receptors 20.1.2.1 Soluble cytokine receptors 20.1.3 Signal transduction 20.1.4 Function of cytokines 20.1.5 Sy …
Chapter 19: Inflammation (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 19 Inflammation Contents 19.1 Inflammation 19.1.1 Inflammation and innate immunity 19.1.2 Local inflammatory response 19.1.3 Course of an inflammatory response 19.1.4 Recognition mechanisms in the inflammatory response 19.1.4.1 Recognition by the complement system 19.1.4.2 Recognition by the adaptive …
Chapter 18: Plasma proteins (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 18 Plasma proteins Contents 18 Plasma proteins 18.1 Plasma protein diagnostics 18.1.1 Plasma protein synthesis and distribution 18.1.2 Plasma protein synthesis 18.1.3 Glycoproteins 18.1.4 Lipoproteins 18.1.5 Release of proteins into the plasma 18.1.6 Plasma protein distribution 18.1.7& …
Chapter 16: Hemostasis (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 16 Hemostasis Contents 16.1 Hemostasis: regulation and dysregulation 16.1.1 Introduction and overview 16.1.2 Vessel wall and endothelial cell 16.1.2.1 Interaction between the endothelium and platelets 16.1.2.2 Antiaggregatory effect of the endothelium 16.1.2.3 Interaction between the endothelium and the …
Chapter 12: Kidney and urinary tract (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 12 Kidney and urinary tract Contents 12 Kidney and urinary tract 12.1 Clinical laboratory diagnosis of kidney and urinary tract diseases 12.1.1 Kidney functions 12.1.2 Kidney diseases 12.1.3 Acute kidney injury (AKI) 12.1.3.1 Definition of AKI 12.1.4 Acute renal failure (ARF) 12.1.4.1 Acute prer …
Chapter 11: Toxic metals (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 11 Toxic metals Contents 11 Toxic metals 11.1 Laboratory investigation of toxic metals 11.1.1 Heavy metals 11.1.2 Indication for the determination of toxic metals 11.1.3 Specimen 11.1.4 Method of determination 11.1.5 Clinical significance 11.2 Aluminum (Al) 11.2.1 Indication 11.2.2 Me …
Chapter 09: Acid base balance and blood gases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 09 Acid base balance and blood gases Contents 9 Acid-base balance and blood gases 9.1 Acid-base homeostasis 9.2 Blood gases 9.2.1 CO2 transport in blood 9.2.2 O2 transport in blood 9.3 Indication 9.4 Method of determination 9.4.1 pH measurement 9.4.2 PCO2 measurement 9.4.3 PO2 measur …
Chapter 08: Electrolyte and water balance (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 08 Electrolyte and water balance Contents 8 Electrolyte and water balance 8.1 Water balance and fluid compartments 8.1.1 Water and electrolyte balance 8.1.2 Diagnosis of water and electrolyte disorders 8.1.3 Osmotic equilibrium 8.1.3.1 Total body water 8.1.4 Fluid compartments 8.1.4.1 Extracel …
Chapter 07: Iron metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 07 Iron metabolism Contents 7 Iron metabolism 7.1 Iron metabolism and disorders 7.1.1 Iron, an essential element 7.1.2 Critical determinants of iron homeostasis 7.1.2.1 Iron absorption and transport 7.1.2.2 Intestinal iron absorption 7.1.2.3 Iron uptake of the tissues 7.1.2.4 Plasma iron turno …
Chapter 06: Bone and mineral metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 06 Bone and mineral metabolism Contents 6 Bone and mineral metabolism 6.1 Bone metabolism 6.1.1 Bone structure 6.1.2 Bone turnover (remodeling) 6.1.3 Regulation of bone metabolism 6.1.3.1 Osteoblast 6.1.3.2 Osteocyte 6.1.3.3 Osteoclast 6.1.3.4 Bone matrix 6.1.3.5 Mineralization of th …
Chapter 03: Carbohydrate metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 03 Carbohydrate metabolism Contents 3Carbohydrate metabolism 3.1Diabetes mellitus 3.1.1Classification of diabetes 3.1.2Epidemiology 3.1.3Type 1 diabetes (T1D) 3.1.3.1Diagnostic criteria for type 1A diabetes mellitus 3.1.3.1.1Recommended target levels for children with T1D 3.1.4Categories with increased risk for …
Chapter 02: Cardiac diseases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 02 Cardiac diseases Contents 2 Cardiac diseases 2.1 Atherosclerosis 2.1.1 Development of atherosclerosis 2.1.2 Diseases caused by atherosclerosis 2.1.2.1 Primary prevention of coronary heart disease 2.1.2.2 Risk stratification using algorithms and scores 2.1.2.3 New biomarkers 2.1.3& …
Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics R11 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics For my wife Eva, who passed away on June 21, 2023, and who gave her active support to the publication of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. List of contributors Volker Brade, Prof. Dr. med., Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, em. Direktor des Instituts für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Paul …