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Chapter 51: Effect of physical exercise on laboratory test results (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 51 Effect of physical exercise on laboratory test results Contents 51 Effect of physical exercise on laboratory test results 51.1 Blood and plasma volume 51.2 Complete blood count 51.2.1 Hemolysis 51.2.2 Reticulocytes 51.2.3 Pseudoanemia 51.2.4 Anemia diagnostics in endurance athletes 51.2.5 Ir …
Chapter 50: Standardization and quality assurance of quantitative determinations (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 50 Standardization and quality assurance of quantitative determinations Contents 50 Standardization and quality assurance of quantitative determinations 50.1 Specimen – analyte in the sample matrix 50.2 Quality characteristics of methods of determination 50.3 Standardization – traceability 50.4 Application of th …
Chapter 47: Extravascular fluids (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 47 Extravascular fluids Contents 47 Extravascular fluids 47.1 Ascites 47.1.1 Biochemistry and physiology 47.1.2 Cirrhotic ascites 47.1.3 Etiology of ascites 47.1.4 Definitions 47.1.5 Differentiation of ascites 47.1.6 Biomarkers of ascites 47.2 Pleural effusion 47.2.1 Transudate and …
Chapter 46: Laboratory diagnosis of neurological diseases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 46 Laboratory diagnosis of neurological diseases Contents 46 Laboratory diagnosis of neurological diseases 46.1 Four compartment model as a basis for CSF diagnosis 46.2 Filtration concept of the blood-CSF barrier 46.2.1 Proteins of the local leptomeningeal system 46.2.2 Proteins of the brain parenchyma 46.2.3& …
Chapter 42: Bacterial infections (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 42 Bacterial infections Contents 42 Bacterial infections 42.1 Diagnosis of bacterial infections 42.1.1 Direct pathogen detection 42.1.1.1 Molecular biological methods 42.1.1.1.1 Important basic terms 42.1.1.1.2 Analysis using DNA probes 42.1.1.1.3 Target sequence amplification techniques 42.1.1.1.4 …
Chapter 41: Poisoning and drug of abuse (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 40 Poisoning and drug of abuse Contents 41 Poisoning and drug of abuse 41.1 Introduction 41.1.1 Qualitative analysis 41.1.2 Quantitative analysis 41.1.3 Methods of detecting the effects exerted by poisons 41.1.4 General laboratory analyses 41.2 Indication for investigations 41.2.1 Medical histo …
Chapter 40: Therapeutic drug monitoring (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 40 Therapeutic drug monitoring Contents 40 Therapeutic drug monitoring 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Indication 40.3 Method of determination 40.4 Specimen 40.5 Clinical significance 40.5.1 Timing of blood sampling 40.5.2 Pharmacologically active metabolites 40.5.3 Presence of an adequate therap …
Chapter 38: Pregnancy (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 38 Pregnancy Contents 38 Pregnancy 38.1 Laboratory findings in normal pregnancy 38.1.1 Hormones 38.1.2 Blood volume and hematopoiesis 38.1.3 Kidney function 38.1.4 Liver function 38.1.5 Hemostasis 38.1.6 Glucose metabolism 38.1.6.1 Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed early in pregnancy …
Chapter 37: Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 37 Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Contents 37 Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis 37.1 Organization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis 37.1.1 Kisspeptin in the regulation of GnRH 37.1.2 Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH 37.1.3 Gonadotropin function in women 37.1.4& …
Chapter 31: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 31 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) Contents 31.1 Hypertension 31.2 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) 31.2.1 Function of renin 31.2.2 Function of aldosterone 31.2.3 Mineralocorticoid excess 31.2.4 Mineralocorticoid deficiency 31.2.5 Testing for disorders of the RAS 31.2.6 B …
Chapter 30: Disorders of thyroid function (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 30 Disorders of thyroid function Contents 30.1 Physiological function of the thyroid 30.1.1 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis 30.1.2 Thyroid disorders 30.1.2.1 Hypothyroidism 30.1.2.1.1 Laboratory findings 30.1.2.2 Hyperthyroidism 30.1.2.2.1 Laboratory findings 30.1.2.3 Thyroid nodules …
Chapter 29: Cancer associated syndromes (para neoplastic syndromes) (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 29 Cancer associated syndromes (para neoplastic syndromes) Contents 29.1 Para neoplastic disturbances of mineral and electrolyte metabolism 29.2 Para neoplastic disturbances of glucose metabolism 29.3 Para neoplastic disturbances of complete blood count 29.3.1 Anemia of malignancy 29.3.1.1 Warm autoimmune hemolyti …
Chapter 28: Cancer biomarkers (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 28 Cancer biomarkers Contents 28.1 Malignant disease 28.1.1 Epidemiology 28.1.2 Causes of cancer 28.1.3 Classification of malignant tumors 28.1.4 Metastatic spread 28.1.5 Tumor microenvironment 28.1.6 Molecular biomarkers 28.1.6.1 Analytes of liqiuid biopsy for characterization of the genomic …
Chapter 27: Blood group antigens and antibodies (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 27 Blood group antigens and antibodies Contents 27 Blood group antigens and antibodies 27.1 Blood group antigens 27.1.1 Antigens, epitopes 27.1.2 Immune reactions 27.1.3 Clinical implications of blood groups 27.2 Blood group antibodies, lectins 27.2.1 Definition 27.2.2 Structure and function o …
Chapter 26: Immunogenetics: clinical and diagnostic aspects of the Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 26 Immunogenetics: clinical and diagnostic aspects of the Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system Contents 26.1 Genetic principles and immunological functions of the HLA system 26.1.1 Structure and function of HLA molecules 26.1.2 Genetics of the HLA system 26.1.2.1 HLA class I region 26.1.2.2 HLA class II region …
Chapter 25: Autoimmunity and antibody testing (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 25 Autoimmunity and antibody testing Contents 25.1 Autoimmunity 25.1.1 Mechanisms of autoimmunity 25.1.2 Clinical characteristics of autoimmunity 25.1.3 Antibody testing of autoimmune diseases 25.1.3.1 Indication 25.1.3.2 Method of determination 25.1.3.3 Specimen 25.1.3.4 Reference interval …
Chapter 24: Laboratory and clinical assessment of the complement system (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 24 Laboratory and clinical assessment of the complement system Contents 24.1 Indication 24.2 Method of determination 24.2.1 CH50 assay 24.2.2 AP50 assay 24.2.3 Complement activation enzyme immunoassay 24.2.4 Immunochemical assays 24.2.5 C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) activity 24.2.6 Determination of …
Chapter 23: Diagnosis of allergic diseases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 23 Diagnosis of allergic diseases Contents 23.1 Hypersensitivity reaction 23.1.1 Atopic diseases 23.1.2 Allergens 23.1.2.1 Diagnostic approach 23.1.2.2 Specification and estimation of potential allergens 23.1.2.3 Diagnosis of sensitization 23.1.2.4 Allergic inflammation 23.1.2.5 Antigen-speci …
Chapter 22: Multiple myeloma and related plasma cell proliferative disorders (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 22 Multiple myeloma and related plasma cell proliferative disorders Contents 22.1 B cell development and proliferation 22.2 Gammopathies 22.3 Laboratory diagnostics of monoclonal gammopathy 22.3.1 Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) 22.3.2 Urine protein electrophoresis 22.3.3 Serum immunofixation electroph …
Chapter 20: Cytokines and cytokine receptors (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 20 Cytokines and cytokine receptors Contents 20 Cytokines and cytokine receptors 20.1 Definition, classification, structure and function of cytokines 20.1.1 Cytokines 20.1.2 Cytokine receptors 20.1.2.1 Soluble cytokine receptors 20.1.3 Signal transduction 20.1.4 Function of cytokines 20.1.5 S …
Chapter 19: Inflammation (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 19 Inflammation Contents 19.1 Inflammation 19.1.1 Inflammation and innate immunity 19.1.2 Local inflammatory response 19.1.3 Course of an inflammatory response 19.1.4 Recognition mechanisms in the inflammatory response 19.1.4.1 Recognition by the complement system 19.1.4.2 Recognition by the adaptive …
Chapter 18: Plasma proteins (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 18 Plasma proteins Contents 18 Plasma proteins 18.1 Plasma protein diagnostics 18.1.1 Plasma protein synthesis and distribution 18.1.2 Plasma protein synthesis 18.1.3 Glycoproteins 18.1.4 Lipoproteins 18.1.5 Release of proteins into the plasma 18.1.6 Plasma protein distribution 18.1.7 …
Chapter 17: Thrombocytopenias and thrombocyte function testing (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 17 Thrombocytopenias and thrombocyte function testing Contents 17 Thrombocytopenias and thrombocyte function testing 17.1 Thrombocyte diagnostics 17.1.1 Thrombocytes 17.1.1.1 Thrombocytopenia 17.1.1.2 Thrombocytopathy 17.1.2 Indication 17.1.3 Method of determination 17.1.4 Specimen 17.1.5&# …
Chapter 16: Hemostasis (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 16 Hemostasis Contents 16.1 Hemostasis: regulation and dysregulation 16.1.1 Introduction and overview 16.1.2 Vessel wall and endothelial cell 16.1.2.1 Interaction between the endothelium and platelets 16.1.2.2 Antiaggregatory effect of the endothelium 16.1.2.3 Interaction between the endothelium and the …
Chapter 14: Gastrointestinal and pancreatic function (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 14 Gastrointestinal and pancreatic function Contents 14 Gastrointestinal and pancreatic function 14.1 Laboratory diagnosis of gastric disease 14.1.1 Regulation of gastric acid secretion 14.1.1.1 Functional heartburn 14.1.1.2 Peptic ulcer disease 14.1.1.3 Drug-related damage of the gastrointestinal tract …
Chapter 12: Kidney and urinary tract (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 12 Kidney and urinary tract Contents 12 Kidney and urinary tract 12.1 Clinical laboratory diagnosis of kidney and urinary tract diseases 12.1.1 Kidney functions 12.1.2 Kidney diseases 12.1.3 Acute kidney injury (AKI) 12.1.3.1 Definition of AKI 12.1.4 Acute renal failure (ARF) 12.1.4.1 Acute pre …
Chapter 11: Toxic metals (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 11 Toxic metals Contents 11 Toxic metals 11.1 Laboratory investigation of toxic metals 11.1.1 Heavy metals 11.1.2 Indication for the determination of toxic metals 11.1.3 Specimen 11.1.4 Method of determination 11.1.5 Clinical significance 11.2 Aluminum (Al) 11.2.1 Indication 11.2.2 M …
Chapter 10: Trace elements (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 10 Trace elements Contents 10 Trace elements 10.1 Laboratory investigation of trace elements 10.1.1 Essential trace elements 10.1.2 Intake and health effects of trace elements 10.1.3 Indication 10.1.4 Method of determination 10.1.5 Specimen 10.1.6 Clinical significance 10.1.6.1 Trace element …
Chapter 09: Acid base balance and blood gases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 09 Acid base balance and blood gases Contents 9 Acid-base balance and blood gases 9.1 Acid-base homeostasis 9.2 Blood gases 9.2.1 CO2 transport in blood 9.2.2 O2 transport in blood 9.3 Indication 9.4 Method of determination 9.4.1 pH measurement 9.4.2 PCO2 measurement 9.4.3 PO2 measu …
Chapter 08: Electrolyte and water balance (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 08 Electrolyte and water balance Contents 8 Electrolyte and water balance 8.1 Water balance and fluid compartments 8.1.1 Water and electrolyte balance 8.1.2 Diagnosis of water and electrolyte disorders 8.1.3 Osmotic equilibrium 8.1.3.1 Total body water 8.1.4 Fluid compartments 8.1.4.1 Extrace …
Chapter 07: Iron metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 07 Iron metabolism Contents 7 Iron metabolism 7.1 Iron metabolism and disorders 7.1.1 Iron, an essential element 7.1.2 Critical determinants of iron homeostasis 7.1.2.1 Iron absorption and transport 7.1.2.2 Intestinal iron absorption 7.1.2.3 Iron uptake of the tissues 7.1.2.4 Plasma iron turn …
Chapter 06: Bone and mineral metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 06 Bone and mineral metabolism Contents 6 Bone and mineral metabolism 6.1 Bone metabolism 6.1.1 Bone structure 6.1.2 Bone turnover (remodeling) 6.1.3 Regulation of bone metabolism 6.1.3.1 Osteoblast 6.1.3.2 Osteocyte 6.1.3.3 Osteoclast 6.1.3.4 Bone matrix 6.1.3.5 Mineralization of t …
Chapter 03: Carbohydrate metabolism (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 03 Carbohydrate metabolism Contents 3Carbohydrate metabolism 3.1Diabetes mellitus 3.1.1Classification of diabetes 3.1.2Epidemiology 3.1.3Type 1 diabetes (T1D) 3.1.3.1Diagnostic criteria for type 1A diabetes mellitus 3.1.3.1.1Recommended target levels for children with T1D 3.1.4Categories with increased risk for …
Chapter 02: Cardiac diseases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 02 Cardiac diseases Contents 2 Cardiac diseases 2.1 Atherosclerosis 2.1.1 Development of atherosclerosis 2.1.2 Diseases caused by atherosclerosis 2.1.2.1 Primary prevention of coronary heart disease 2.1.2.2 Risk stratification using algorithms and scores 2.1.2.3 New biomarkers 2.1.3 …
Chapter 01: Enzymes (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 01 Enzymes Contents 1 Enzymes 1.1 Diagnostic enzymology 1.1.1 Enzymes in serum 1.1.1.1 Determination of enzyme activity 1.1.1.2 Isoenzymes and isoforms 1.1.1.3 Macroenzymes 1.1.1.4 Antibodies to tissue-specific enzymes 1.1.2 Diagnostic information of enzymes 1.1.3 Enzymes in the different …
Chapter 00: Register of diseases (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 00 Register of diseases @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .sidebar { background: none; border-bottom: 1px solid gray; padding: 1em 5vw; text-align: center; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1441px) { .sidebar { background-color: #f2f2f2; padding: 1em 2em; } } To search within this page, use the browser functi …
Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (1 ×) … Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics R11 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics For my wife Eva, who passed away on June 21, 2023, and who gave her active support to the publication of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. List of contributors Volker Brade, Prof. Dr. med., Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, em. Direktor des Instituts für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Pau …